Please make sure to use valid references up to date last 5 years from reliable sources, Such as college-level books, peer-reviewed journals, or encyclopaedias (Main journals such as ICM, CCM, JAMA, or critical care, Annals of IC, Journal of IC, Journal of CC, Jama, Lancet, Nejm, American Journal of Respiratory and CCM, The blue journal lancet respiratory medicine, PubMed, OH’S intensive care manual) Please avoid the plagiarism. Make sure please to use (Vancouver style) Please, my dear, need each sentence to put the numeric citation don’t leave any sentence without citation with a number. Marks will be given for succinct writing. Please stick to the topic and answer the questions precisely. Here are the questions: 1. What determines plasma creatinine concentration? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using plasma creatinine for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury? 2. What are the pathways by which oxygen is transported from the atmosphere to the cells? Give examples of how these pathways can fail in critical illness. 3. Define shock and list the causes. Describe the haemodynamic disturbance and pathophysiological mechanisms of organ injury for one of these causes. 4. Define and classify acute liver failure. What are the main clinical features of acute liver failure? 5. List the causes and describe the pathophysiology of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. 6. Describe the immune changes and inflammatory response to infection. Thank you
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